Literature Review

What Is a Literature Review?

A literature review is a systematic, critical synthesis of existing research and published evidence on a specific topic or program area. Unlike a simple annotated bibliography, it critically evaluates sources, identifies patterns and contradictions, and synthesizes findings to answer: what is known, what is not known, and what does this mean for program design? Literature reviews are foundational to evidence-based practice in M&E, ensuring interventions are grounded in what has worked (or not worked) in similar contexts.

Why It Matters

Literature reviews prevent reinventing the wheel. They help practitioners avoid repeating failed approaches, identify proven strategies that can be adapted, and surface evidence gaps that justify new program investments. A well-conducted review strengthens proposal narratives by demonstrating that the proposed approach is informed by the best available evidence. For impact evaluation design, literature reviews establish the baseline understanding of causal pathways and help identify which assumptions are evidence-based versus speculative.

In Practice

Literature reviews appear throughout the program cycle:

• Design phase: A rapid literature review informs the theory of change by identifying which intervention strategies have demonstrated effectiveness in similar contexts. This shapes indicator selection and helps set realistic targets.

• Proposal development: Use existing evidence to justify design choices, and check any specified evidence-review requirement in the actual solicitation. A literature review demonstrates that the proposed approach is grounded in research, not just theory.

• Evaluation design: Before conducting an impact evaluation, a systematic review of existing evidence helps determine whether an experimental design is necessary or whether contribution analysis suffices based on what is already known.

• Learning agendas: Literature reviews identify knowledge gaps that become the focus of learning agendas and adaptive management decisions.

The scope varies from rapid reviews (1-2 weeks, limited databases, descriptive synthesis) to systematic reviews (months, exhaustive search, quality appraisal, meta-analysis). For most M&E practitioners, a focused literature review on intervention effectiveness is the most useful format.